Literature specific to Kant’s iconography is listed below; other cited literature should be found in the main bibliography.
Abbott, Evelyn, and Lewis Campbell (1897). The Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett, M.A., Master of Balliol College, Oxford. 2 vols. London: John Murray.
Abbott, Thomas Kingsmill (1879). Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics. Translated and edited by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. 2nd edition. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Anderson, Eduard (1932). “Ein unbekanntes Kantbildnis.” Kant-Studien 37: 309-10.
Discusses the Vernet-Fuchs image.
Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Anderson was the founder of the Stadtgeschichtlichen Museum in Königsberg (with its “Kant Room”), and served as its first director (1927). This brief note discusses the Vernet image of Kant without a wig, a plate of which is found in the same volume, after p. 236. Anderson noted that there were a great many copies by Vernet – either on pergament or ivory – and that it would be an interesting exercise to gather them all together to determine which is the original (something that Anderson had not done). He reports that three such paintings are in the Kantzimmer of the city museum in Königsberg, and that a fourth (the Meckelburg), a pastel on ivory, was in the university matriculation book.
—— (1933). “Neue Kantbildnisse.” Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte von Ost- und Westpreußen (Königsberg), 8: 26-29.
Discusses two new Kant images: (1) the Vernet-Fuchs image discussed in his 1932 essay (and much of this is a verbatim recapitulation), and (2) a sketch (apparently now lost; I have found no image of it) in black-chalk, based on the Lowe miniature, and which in turn served as the basis for the Liebe copper engraving (copies of which still exist).
—— (1935). “Fritz Bils, ein Zeichner unserer Heimat im 19. Jahrhundert.” Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte von Ost- und Westpreußen 9: 35-40.
—— (1936). Das Kantzimmer im Stadtgeschichtlichen Museum Königsberg (Pr) Brodbänkenstr. 11/12. Das Kantzimmer. Verzeichnis der Kant-Andenken im Stadtgeschichtlichen Museum der Stadt Königsberg (Pr). Edited by the Stadtgeschichtlichen Museum der Stadt Königsberg (Pr). Königsberg.
—— (1943). “Das Kantbild der Gräfin C. Ch. A. Keyserling, geb. Reichsgräfin von Truchseß-Waldburg im Schloß Rautenburg.” Mitteilungen des Vereins für die Geschichte von Ost- und Westpreußen (Königsberg, 1943), 18: 21-31. Reprint: Sonderschriften des Vereins für Familienforschung in Ost- und Westpreußen, Nr. 75, Bd. 4 (Hamburg: 1993).
Discusses Countess Keyserling’s sketch of Kant that was routinely claimed to be our earliest sketch of Kant, completed perhaps in the 1750s, possibly when Kant was serving as a tutor in the Keyserling home (and thus before 1755 – cf. Vaihinger [1898b]). Anderson argues that there are good reasons to believe that the image does not stem from the early 1750s, as was commonly believed: the powdered wig became fashionable only by 1755, the coat is inappropriate for a mere Hofmeister, and the back of the print refers to "Professor Kant" (which would date the image to some time after 1770). There is also reason to believe that the drawing is a copy from another work, and not from life [expand??]. Anderson believes that the image dates from the 1770s, but is not copied from the Becker portrait, which shows Kant with a narrower head than the Döbler and Vernet portraits. Consequently, he believes that the Keyserling image is closer to how Kant might have appeared. A comparison with Keyserling and the Scheuen engraving from Becker (prepared in 1773 and published as a frontispiece in the Allgemeinen Deutschen Bibliothek (vol. 20, #1) — and thus would have been readily available to the countess as a model [it also bears a close resemblance to Becker(b)]), however, shows the Keyserling head narrower, if anything, than Schleuen – and that the two images look remarkably similar.
Anon. (1804a). “Denkmünze auf den Philosophen Kant.” Intelligenzblatt der Jenaischen Allgemeinen Literaturzeitung, Issue 93, col. 768.
Anon. (1804b). “Miscellany.” Der Freimüthige (26 March 1804; #61), 1: 243-44.
Anon. (1804c). Der Freimüthige (28 August 1804; #172), 2: 168.
Anon. (1864a). “Kantiana.” Königsberger Hartungsche Zeitung, No. 246 (20 October 1864), p. 2000.
Anon. (1864b). “Die Enthüllung des Kant-Denkmals zu Königsberg i. Pr.” Illustrirte Zeitung (Leipzig), No. 1113 (29 October 1864), pp. 304-5.
Anon. (1881). “Alterthumsgesellscahft Prussia in Königsberg 1880.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 18: 337-71.
Antiquariat Stenderhoff Münster (1975). Immanuel Kant und seine Zeit. Antiquariatskatalog 284. Münster: Antiquariat Stenderhoff & Co. [130 p.]
Baltzer, Ulrich (1922). “Eine vorbildlich Stätte deutscher Kultur im Osten.” Ostdeutsche Monatshefte (September 1922), 3: 247-52.
Essay on the Gräfe und Unzer Bookstore in Königsberg, which at the time was the largest bookstore in Europe, designed by Friedrich Lahrs, architect and professor at the local art academy. Lahrs also designed the new Kant gravesite in 1924. Visible in one photograph of the first floor of the bookstore is Becker(c), Becker’s 1768 portrait of Kant (p. 248) that originally hung in Kanter’s bookstore.
Bax, Ernest Belfort, tr. and ed., Kant’s Prolegomena and Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science. Translated from the original, with a biography and Introduction. London: George Bell and Sons, 1883.
An engraving nearly identical to the Barth engraving, based on Stobbe’s copy of Döbler (1791), appears as a frontispiece.
Behse, Fritz (1942). “Die Kupferstecher Schleuen, eine alte Berliner Familie!” Zeitschrift des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins. 1942, issue 2. Pp. 73-75.
Benninghoven, Friedrich, ed. (1974). Immanuel Kant: Leben, Umwelt, Werk, an exhibition catalog (Berlin-Dahlem: Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz), 170 pp.
Biehahn, Erich (1958). “Das Berliner Kantbildnis.” Kant-Studien, 50: 255-56.
Discusses the recently discovered Frisch copy of Becker(b), identifying it as owned by Herz and brought to Berlin with him.
—— (1961a). “Zwei unbekannte Kantbildnisse der Deutschen Staatsbibliothek.” Kant-Studien, 53: 127.
Discusses (1) the recently discovered Frisch copy of Becker(b), and (2) a plaster copy (prepared in Königsberg in 1924) of the Siemering 1879 marble bust of Kant (which itself is most similar to Schadows’s Königsberg bust, but was possibly based on Hagemann’s original clay model), although Biehahn, however, believed this plaster copy might have been cast from the original clay model, and then served as the model for Hagemann’s two marble busts. Discussion of the bust is nearly verbatim with that found in Biehahn (1961b). Biehahn was presumably unfamiliar with any of the other 1924 plaster copies that stemmed from Siemering’s bust.
——, ed. (1961b). Kunstwerke der Deutschen Staatsbibliothek, im Auftrage der Hauptdirektion der Deutschen Staatsbibliothek. Berlin: Henschelverlag. [135 p.]
Includes descriptions and black-and-white illustrations of a plaster copy of the Siemering bust in the Staatsbibliothek-Berlin (illus. 46) and the Frisch copy of Becker(b) (pp. 18-19, illus. 21). Biehahn notes that this bust is not an exact replica of the Königsberg marble bust, and conjectures that it might be cast from Hagemann’s original clay model – but see the note to Biehahn (1961a), above.
Brinckmann, Justus (1896). “Beiträge der Töpferkunst in Deutschland.” Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten Hamburg: Commissions-Verlag von Lucas Gräfe & Sillem. Pp. 43-77.
This is volume 13 (1895) of the Jahrbuch. The Brinckmann essay concerns Königsberg (Preussen) and Durlach (Baden); the first section discusses two ceramicists – Ehrenrich (pp. 45-58) and the Collin brothers (pp. 59-63) [pdf] – and in the discussion of the latter, the Kant bas-relief of 1782 is described.
Brunn, H. (1867). Denkschrift über die Gründung eines Museums von Gypsabgüssen klassischer Bildwerke in München. München: F. Straub. [15 p.]
Bryan Michael (1889). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. New edition, revised and enlarged, edited by Walter Armstrong and Robert Edmund Graves. Volume 2. London: Georg Bell and Sons. [vii, (1), 771, (7) p.]
Carus, Charles Gustav (1845). Atlas de Cranioscopie ou dessins figuratifs de cranes et de faces de personnages célèbres ou remarquables. Cahier II. Leipzig: August Weichard.
A lithograph of Knorre’s death mask of Kant is given in Table 1, along with a discussion. German edition: Atlas der Cranioscopie oder Abbildungen der Schädel- und Antlitzformen berühmter oder sonst merkwürdiger Pesonen.
Cheetham, Mark A. (2001). Kant, Art, and Art History: Moments of Discipline. New York/Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [219 p.]
Clasen, Karl-Heinz (1924a). Kant-Bildnisse. Mit Unterstützung der Stadt Königsberg hrsg. v. der Königsberger Ortsgruppe der Kant-Gesellschaft. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer. [30 p.]
Includes 20 plates of Kant images (#19 is a photograph of the death-mask, #20 is of the skull). Clasen was a Privatdozent of art history at Königsberg.
—— (1924b). “Wie sah Kant aus?” Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung (17 April 1924), pp. 365-66.
——. “Das Kantbilder-Werk.” Reichls Philosophischer Almanach auf das Jahr 1924. Ed. Paul Feldkeller (op cit.). 238-40.
Degen, Heinrich (1924). “Nachrichten von Königsberger Künstlern.” Immanuel Kant. Festschrift zur zweiten Jahrhunderfeier seines Geburtstages. Leipzig: Dietrich. Pp. 78-105. [269 p.]
Demmler, Theodor (1924a). “Immanuel Kant in der Berliner Sammlungen.” In: Der Kunstwanderer (2 April 1924), pp. 209-12.
—— (1924b). “Emanuel Bardous Kantbüste vom Jahre 1798.” Kant-Studien 29: 316-20.
Dethlefsen, Richard (1912). Die Domkirche in Königsberg i. Pr. nach ihrer jüngsten Wiederherstellung. Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth. [114 p. + 12 plates]
—— (1924). “De Grabstätte Kants.” Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung (Berlin), 18 June 1924, vol. 44, issue 25, pp. 205-7.
Diestel, G.[ustav] (1898a). “Ein bisher unbekanntes Kant-Bildniß.” Illustrirte Zeitung (Leipzig), No. 2848 (27 Jan 1898), pp. 104-5.
Concerns the Dresden 1790 portrait (with a woodcut illustration based on Rudolf Döttl’s photograph owned (1898) by the Royal Museum in Berlin), but also briefly discusses Becker(b).
—— (1898b). “Ein bisher unbekanntes Kant-Bildniß.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 35: 195-98.
Concerns the Dresden 1790 portrait.
—— (1899). “Nachlese.” Kant-Studien, 3: 163-67.
Comments on Lubowski [1899] and the Dresden 1790 portrait, quoting from the report (12 October 1897) of a Berlin restorer, Hauser.
—— (1901). “Das ‘Dresdener Kantbild’ – ein Werk der Elisabeth v. Stägemann?” Kant-Studien, 6: 113-14.
Distel, Theodor (1909). “Das endlich aufgefundene Original von Schnorrs Kant-Zeichnung.” Kant-Studien, 14: 143-144.
Emundts, Dina (2000a). Immanuel Kant und die Berliner Aufklärung. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. [229 p.]
—— (2000b). “Kant und die Berliner Aufklärung. 30. März bis 13. Mai 2000.” Museums Journal. Berichte aus den Museen, Schlössern und Sammlungen in Berlin und Potsdam 14.1: 29-31.
Includes various illustrations as found in Emundts [2000a], including the Breysig copy of Vernet.
Erdmann, J. (1889). Geschichte der Loge Immanuel, seit ihrer Stiftung bis zum 22. April 1889. Königsberg: R. Leupold. [18 p.]
Essers, Volkmar (1974). “Kant-Bildnisse.” Immanuel Kant: Leben, Umwelt, Werk. Ed. Friedrich Benninghoven (op cit.). 39-63.
Feldkeller, Paul, ed. (1924). Reichls Philosophischer Almanach auf das Jahr 1924. Immanuel Kant zum Gedächtnis, 22. April 1924 (Darmstadt: Otto Reichl Verlag), 480 pp.
The Keyserling drawing of Kant serves as a frontispiece, with the inscription: "Immanuel Kant um 1755 / nach einer Zeichnung / der Gräfin Charlotte Amalia Keyserling / geb. Gräfin Truchsess-Waldburg".
Forstreuter, Kurt (1932). Gräfe und Unzer. Zwei Jahrhunderte Königsberger Buchhandel. Gräge und Unzer: Königsberg. [132 p. + 16 b/w plates + 3 pp.]
Plate 7: photograph of the wooden model of the Löbenicht Rathaus (Kanter’s bookstore); plate 8: photograph of the black eagle sign over Kanter’s entrance; plate 10: photograph of Puttrich’s silhouette (same version as printe din Clasen [1924]).
—— (1963). “Ein Bildnis Kants in Holland.” Preußenland. Mitteilungen der historischen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreußische Landesforschung, 1: 28-32.
Reports on a miniature of Kant, found in Holland, painted by Johannes Gottlieb Harwardt and dated 1793. Harwardt was born in Königsberg and attended the university there (matriculated 1 Jul 1784). The painting itself, a miniature, is very much in the manner and style of Vernet, and should probably be viewed as a Vernet copy, although there is no reason to doubt that Harwardt would have seen Kant at some time or other. Forstreuter also investigates the identity of Vernet.
Friese, Ulf-Joachim, ed. (2014). Die Uniformierung der preußischen Armee: 1805/1806; Erstmalige Druckausgabe mit den Farbreproduktionen dieses in der Stiftung Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg bewahrten Unikates; In einem Anhang erweitert um Farbreproduktionen der in der Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection der Brown University Library in Providence, Rhode Island, USA bewahrten 15 Doepler-Blätter = The uniforms of the Prussian Army = Les uniformes de l'armée Prussienne. Bucholz: LTR-Verlag. [xviii, 138 color plates, 20 color plates]
A collection of pastels by Gottlieb T. Doepler (1762-1810) of Prussian military uniforms, 1805-06. Explanatory text from the publisher’s website:
Gottlieb T. Doepler (1762-1810), in Berlin and in Charlottenburg – at that time still an independent small town – living artist /pastellist, has created between 1803 and 1806 – surely for the King Friedrich Wilhelm III. himself – with these depictions of a trooper and an officer of each unit (for the cavalry and horse artillery the trooper is shown mounted), filigree coloured with gouache up to the smallest details as e. g. laces, braids, embroidery and frogging, a contemporaneous image of the Prussian army of that time, that until then – especially by its artistic presentation – had never been achieved by any other manuscript depicting the Prussian uniforms.
On each of his etchings and aquatints Doepler presents us the characters in front of finely designed backgrounds (landscapes as well as buildings) and with them he has passed on to us the final occurrence of the Prussian soldiers in their rococo uniforms, their equipment, armament and the accoutrements of their horses.
Originally the particular folios (measurements of the picture: 273 x 385 mm - 107 x 151 inch) did not show any denomination of the depicted formation.
In the second half of the 19th century they were put behind large-sized mounts of cardboard (450 x 580 mm - 177 x 283 inch), on these „passe-partouts“ furnished with captions designed in calligraphy (denomination and number of the unit according to the roll of 1806, location of the staff, date 1806 as well as a continuous pagination) and bound in three folio-leather covers.
Fromm, Emil (1898a). “Das Kantbildnis der Gräfin Karoline Charlotte Amalia von Keyserling. Nebst Mitteilungen über Kants Beziehung zum gräflich Keyserlingschen Hause.” Kant-Studien, 2: 145-160.
—— (1898b). “Noch einmal die Kantmedaille mit dem schiefen Turm von Pisa.” Kant-Studien, 2: 376-77.
Fülleborn, Georg Gustav (1800). Museum deutscher Gelehrten und Kuenstler, in Kupfern und schriftlichen Abrissen. Breslau: August Schall.
Frontispiece is Thilo’s engraving of Kant, based on the Mattersberger bust.
Gause, Fritz (1961). “Kant und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, Jahrgang 12, Folge 21, p. 11.
Includes a reproduction of a Collin (1782) bas-relief housed in the Hamburger Museum für Kunst und Geschichte.
—— (1974). Kant und Königsberg. Ein Buch der Erinnerung an Kants 250. Geburtstag am 22. April 1974. (Leer 1974).
Illustrations include (1) a frontispiece of the Hagemann Hamburg bust (left side), (2) sketch of the Kanter bookshop (p. 87), (3) Hagemann’s sketch of Kant preparing mustard (p. 99), (4) sketch of Rauch’s Kant Memorial (p. 129), (5) Heinrich Wolff’s 1925 sketch of Kant (p. 146), (6) the Collegium Frdericianum (p. 157), (7) the Peter Square (p. 147) …
—— (1996, 11969). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg in Preussen, vol. 2: “Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des ersten Weltkrieges” (Köln: Böhlau Verlag). 2nd enlarged edition: 1996.
Grimoni, Lorenz and Martina Will, eds. (2004). Immanuel Kant: Erkenntnis – Freiheit – Frieden. Katalog zur Austellung anlässlich des 200. Todestages am 12. Februar 2004, Museum Stadt Königsberg der Stadtgemeinschaft Königsberg (Pr) im Kultur- und Stadthistorischen Museum Duisburg Husum: Husum Verlag.
Duisburg adopted Königsberg as a sister-city in 1951, and opened the Museum Haus Königsberg in 1968; this was later transformed and renamed (5 Dec 1992) as the Museum Stadt Königsberg, where it is housed in the same building as the Kultur- und Stadthistorische Museum Duisburg.
Grolle, Joist (1995). Kant in Hamburg. Der Philosoph und sein Bildnis. Stuttgart: Verlag Gerd Hatje. [64 p.]
Our fullest account of the Hamburg version of the Hagemann bust, this volume was prepared in conjunction with an exhibit at the Hamburger Kunsthalle (Kant in Hamburg – Der Philosoph und sein Bildnis von Friedrich Hagemann, April 7-June 18, 1995). The book includes numerous reproductions, with several images of Kant, including photographs of the Hagemann Hamburg bust kept in the Hamburg Kunsthalle (frontispiece and illustration #15 [front/side]), a plaster copy of the Hagemann Königsberg bust held in the Porträtsammlung of the Staatsbibliothek Berlin (illus. #14, front/side), and a second version of the Hagemann Königsberg bust in plaster held in the Skupturengalerie of the Staatliche Museen Berlin (illus. #13 [3/4 view]). In addition are reproductions of a privately-held Vernet copy (illus. #9), the Hagemann sketch of Kant preparing mustard (illus. #10), the Bardou marble bust, also held in the Skupturengalerie of the Staatliche Museen Berlin (illus. #12 [front]), and the Loos medallion (illus. #22 [recto]).
Grommelt, Carl, and Christine von Mertens (1962). Das Dohnasche Schloß Schlobitten in Ostprußen. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag. [543 p.]
Much of the information for this work, as well as the images, was collected in the 1920s and 1930s, with an inventory list of the art collection at Schlobitten prepared in 1935. The Schloß was destroyed after WW II (first occupied by Soviet officers, then burned to the ground), and many of the treasures inventoried in this book were destroyed, while others were scattered and lost.
Two images of Kant are mentioned: a painting (#89) and a graphic (#60). The latter is the Senewaldt, and a photographic reproduction is provided (p. 246); this corresponds with Senewaldt(b), as presented on this website and as reproduced in Clasen [1924]. No other information is given about the painting (#89), although one gathers from Vaihinger [1901b] that it might have been a Vernet miniature. The Senewaldt is discussed further in the text as follows: “Von Immanuel Kant (Abb. 194) besitzt Schlobitten eine Silberstiftzeichnung von dem Berliner Bildnismaler F. W. Senewaldt, der auch in Schlobitten gewesen ist und von den Kindern Friedrich Alexander Dohnas und andern Verwandten sehr reizvolle Profilporträts gemacht hat” (p. 246).
Gronau, Regina (2002). “Eine Odyssee mit Happy End.” Das Ostpreußenblatt. Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung (4 May 2002), p. 13.
Includes a black-and-white photo of the Insterburg Vernet.
Grunert, W. (1962). “Das Insterburger Kantbild.” Jahrbuch der Albertus Universität zu Königsberg. Würzburg: Holzner Verlag. 12: 339-40.
Grunert appears to have lived in Insterburg before WW II, when this Vernet miniature was on display in the castle there. This small oil painting of Kant now hangs in the office of the university rector in Göttingen, but was originally owned privately, most recently by a Dr. Bercio, a prosecuting attorney in Insterburg (now Chernyakhovsk, located in the Kaliningrad Oblast), who left it to the local historical society upon his death in 1937, and where it was displayed in the Heimatmuseum in the old castle. Near the end of World War II the soldier-on-leave curator, Walter Gronau, took it out of its frame and put it into his wallet for safekeeping, after which the painting followed the re-deployed soldier to Bohemia, where he was captured by the Russians, sent to Auschwitz as a prisoner, and was eventually released, making his way to the west, where he gave the painting to the Schleswig professor La Baume. La Baume, in concert with Grunert, decided to loan the painting to the newly formed “Society of the Friends of Kant” in Gottingen (April 1949), where it eventually received a new frame and was put on display at the university, in the Rektoratzimmer.
The only description given by Grunert is that the painting is done in oil and that Kant is shown wearing a white wig, with the “kurze Zöpfchen im Nacken” (presumably he means here the three curls seen on the side of the wig, since the Vernet miniatures do not show the hair-bag on the back. Grunert mistakenly identifies the artist as Horace Vernet (1789-1863).
Hagen, August (1833). Beschreibung der Domkirche zu Königsberg und der in ihr enthaltenen Kunstwerke, mit einer Einleitung über die Kunst des deutschen Ordens in Preußen, vornämlich über den ältesten Kirchenbau im Samlande. Königsberg: Hartung.
Part Two of: A. R. Gebser and E. A Hagen, Der Dom zu Königsberg in Preußen. Eine kirchen- und kunstgeschichtliche Schilderung. Königsberg: Hartung.
—— (1853). “Der Maler und Kupferstecher Lowe.“ Neue Preussische Provinzial-Blätter, 2nd series, 3: 316-29.
—— (1855a). “Ueber den Bildhauer Rauch.” Neue Preußische Provinzial-Blätter, Series 2, 7: 196-224.
Hartmann, Hans (1935). “Kant und Asien.” Die Lesestunde. January, pp. 1-2. [Possibly the “Zeitschrift der Deutschen Buch-Gemeinschaft”]
Includes a photo (p. 2) of a visiting Chinese scholar in front of a silk banner being given to the Kant museum in Königsberg; above and to the left is the Bardou plaster bust of Kant.
Herbart, Johann Friedrich (1811). Immanuel Kants Gedächtnisfeyer: zu Königsberg am 22. April 1810. Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius. [viii, 21 p.]
Includes a frontispiece of the J.F. Bolt (1794) engraving of Kant, based on a painting by Vernet, as well as an engraving by F. A. Brückner (based on a drawing by Hahn) of the new chapel for Kant’s remains that was finished in 1810.
Heß, Ludwig von (1816). Agonieen der Republik Hamburg im Frühjahr 1813. 2nd ed. Hamburg, self-published. [v, 384 p.]
Heydeck, Johannes (1879-80). “Die Grabstätte Kants.” Sitzungsberichte der Alterthumsgesellschaft Prussia zu Königsberg in Pr. 36: 119–22.
Also printed in Bessel Hagen (1880, 13-16).
Hintze, Erwin (1904). “Schlesische Miniaturmaler des neunzehhnten Jahrhunderts.” Schlesiens Vorzeit in Bild und Schrift. Zeitschrift des Vereins für das Museum Schlesischer Altertümer. 3: 117-57.
Discussion of F. W. Senewaldt (pp. 118-19) and G. A. Thilo (pp. 119-36).
Hoffmann, Tassilo (1927). Jacob Abraham und Abraham Abramson. 55 Jahre Berliner Medaillenkunst 1755-1810. Frankfurt am Main: J. Kauffmann. [158 p.]
Hügelmann, Karl (1879). “Ein Brief über Kant. Mitgeteilt von Karl Hügelmann.” Altpreußische Monatsschrift, 16: 607-12.
Reprinted at Malter (1990), pp. 418-21.
Jachmann, Reinhold (1864). “Ein ähnliches Portrait Kants.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift 1: 464-65.
The author is the son of Reinhold Bernhard Jachmann (1767-1843), the close friend and biographer of Kant. Kant had given R. B. Jachmann a painting of him by Vernet, and this is described by the author, who also advertised photographic reproductions of the painting. This painting has since been located and described by Schneiders [2000].
Jeffares, Neil (2006). Dictionary of pastellists before 1800. London: Unicorn Press. [758 p.]
Brief entry on Döbler/Dopler.
Kammel, Frank Matthias. “Der Gipsabguss. Vom Medium der ästhetischen Norm zur toten Konserve der Kunstgeschichte.” Aesthetische Probleme der Plastik im 19. und 20 Jahrhundert. Edited by Andrea M. Kluxen. Nürnberg. Pp. 47-72.
Schriftenreihe der Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg, vol. 9.
Karl, Gustav. See: Springer, Karl Gustav.
Katalog zu der Kant-Austellung, veranstaltet anlässlich des 100. todestages von der Gräfe & Unzer’schen Buchhandlung in Königsberg in Pr. von 11. bis 16. Februar 1904.
Kauark Leite, Patricia (2021). “Imagens de Kant na FAFICH.” Kriterion. Revista de Filosofia, special edition (January 2021), pp. 125-49.
Kelch, Wilhelm Gottlieb (1804). Über den Schädel Kants. Ein Beytrag zu Galls Hirn- und Schädellehre. Königsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius. [viii, 9-61 p.]
KHZ: Königsberger Hartungsche Zeitung.
Kisch, Guido (1977). Immanuel Kant im Medaillenbild. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. [20 p. + 6 tables with illustrations of 18 coins]
Kümmel, Birgit, and Bernhard Maaz, eds. (2002). Christian Daniel Rauch – Museum Bad Arolsen. München / Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. [293 p.]
A copy of the Rauch statue is at Bad Arolsen, with a full page image: “Kat. 51. Immanuel Kant, 1848. Gips, Schellacküberzug, 55.5 x 24 x 22 cm”.
Kupffer, C. [Karl Wilhelm von] (1880). “Schädel Kant’s.” Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. Edited by Rudolph Virchow. Berlin: Wiegandt, Hempel & Parey. Pp. 217-19.
A report sent to the chair of the society on 27 June 1880 followed by a shorter letter of 10 July 1880. Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer (1829-1902) taught medicine at Königsberg from 1875-80, and was present when Kant’s remains were exhumed. A longer report by him on Kant’s skull is found in Bessel Hagen [1880, 17-24].
—— and Friedrich Bessel-Hagen (1881). “Der Schädel Immanuel Kant’s.” Archiv für Anthropologie. Zeitschrift für Naturgeschichte und Urgeschichte des Menschen. 13: 359-410.
This essay was also published separately: Immanuel Kants Schädel. Königsberg: Hübner & Matz, 1880 [52 p., with five plates].
Lange, Heinrich (1999a). “Abguß von Kants Schädel in Berlin. Forschungsobject der Hirn- und Schädellehre des 19. Jahrhunderts.” Probleme/Projekte/Processe, 9: 4-15. [online]
Lange, Heinrich (1999b). “Zum Geburtstag kein Kantmarzipan. Die Gedenktafel an Immanuel Kants Wohn- und Sterbehaus.” Königsberger Bürgerbrief, 52: 42-45.
—— (2000). “‘Ausspähung des Inneren im Menschen’. Totenmaske und Schädelabguß von Immanuel Kant in Berlin wiederaufgefunden.” Museums Journal. Berichte aus den Museen, Schlössern und Sammlungen in Berlin und Potsdam 14.1: 25-28.
Concerns the plaster death mask of Kant and the plaster cast of Kant’s skull (both in the collection of the Charité Centrum für Anatomie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin). Illustrations: (1) a plaster copy of the Hagemann bust (Friedrichswerdersche Kirche; it has been argued that this is actually a plaster model of Siemering’s 1879 marble copy of Hagemann’s clay model), (2)-(3) front and left-side views of the death mask, (4) plaster cast of the skull, (5) the Heydeck chalk drawing of exhuming Kant’s grave in 1880, (6) a reproduction from Anderson [1936] of a photograph of Eduard Anderson showing the plaster skull to a visiting scholar from Japan, and (7) a reproduction of a photo of Kant’s skull from Kupffer/Bessel Hagen [1881]
—— (2002). “Immanuel Kant in Marmor. Über die Versuche Carl Friedrich Hagemanns, den berühmten Sohn Ostpreußens zu verewigen.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, 22 June 2002, p. 13.
—— (2004). “Aus Kants Wohnung ins Museum Stadt Königsberg: Eine Bouillon-Tasse mit Unterschale.” Immanuel Kant: Erkenntnis – Freiheit – Frieden. Eds. Lorenz Grimoni and Martina Will (op cit.). Pp. 184-85.
—— (2004b). “Totenmaske und Schädelabguss von Immanuel Kant.” In: Grimoni/Will, eds., Immanuel Kant: Erkenntnis – Freiheit – Frieden. Husum: Husum Verlag. Pp. 44-62.
—— (2006). “Eine Bouillon-Tasse der Königlichen Porzellan-Manufaktur mit dem Bildnis des ‘ehrwürdigen Weltweisen’ Immanuel Kant. Wie sich der Berliner Verleger François Théodore de la Garde 1795 bei seinem Autor der ‘Kritik der Urtelskraft’ bedankte.” Preußenland, 44 (2006): 54-78.
With a focus on a teacup commissioned by de la Garde (c.1756-1824), given to Kant, and bearing Kant’s image (based ultimately on one of the Vernet miniatures), the author also surveys the other Vernet images of Kant.
—— (2007). “Außerordentlich ähnlich! Fünf Porträt-Stiche bzw. -Zeichnungen von Immanuel Kant im Museum Stadt Königsberg: Ein Geschenk des Grafen von Dönhoff.” Königsberger Bürgerbrief, 70: 32-34.
—— (2009a). “Die Porträts Immanuel Kants von und nach dem Berliner Maler Gottlieb Döbler.” Kant-Studien, 100: 476-95.
Includes photographic reproductions of the Döbler/Kiesewetter oil painting (1791?) and the Heydeck copy of Döbler (1872).
—— (2009b). “Doepler porträtierte auch Immanuel Kant.” Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, No. 29 (18 Jul 2009): 9.
Lemoine-Bouchard, Nathalie (2008). Les Peintres en minature: actifs en France, 1650-1850. Paris: Les Édition de l’Amaetur.
Lind, P[aul] von (1899). “Ein Stägemann’sches Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 3: 255-56.
Reports the author’s efforts at locating the yet-to-be-found painting or drawing of Kant by Elisabeth von Stägemann.
——(1900). “Das Kantbild des Fürsten von Pless.” Kant-Studien, 4: 102-6.
Discusses the Senewaldt portrait (and includes an illustration), and also offers a comparison of Döbler and the copy by Stobbe. He concludes: “Of all the images of Kant, the Senewaldt is the best, besides the representations by Döbler and Hagemann [the bust].” [Vaihinger editorially noted here that Lind was unfamiliar with the Dresden painting, which had just surfaced.]
Lubowski, Karl (1899). “Ein neues Kantbildnis.” Kant-Studien, 3: 160-63. [PDF]
See also Diestel (1899). Discusses the purchase of the Dresden 1790 oil painting (from an antiquities dealer in Dresden) for the city of Königsberg, and notes that no earlier provenance could be determined, other than the previous owner (Dr. Dzondi of Niederpoyritz, and that it had been in his parent's house since c.1820).
Mackowsky, Hans (1951). Die Bildwerke Johann Gottfried Schadows. Berlin: Deutscher Verein für Kunstwissenschaft. [274 p.]
Malter, Rudolph (1980). “Doch noch Zeugen aus deutscher Zeit.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, 19 Apr 1980, Folge 16, p. 10. [pdf]
—— (1981a). “Kant im Keyserlingschen Haus. Erläuterungen zu einer Miniatur aus dem Jahre 1781.” Kant-Studien 72: 88-95.
—— (1981b). “Ein Zeuge aus bessern Tagen. Einige neue Anmerkungen zu Hagemanns Königsberger Kantbüste.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, 28 Feb 1981, Folge 9, p. 9. [pdf]
—— (1982). “Zu Lowes Kantminiatur aus dem Jahre 1784.” Kant-Studien, 73: 261-70.
—— (1983a). “Neue Bildnisse eines Philosophen. Bisher unbekannte Kant-Porträts aus ostpreußischem Familienbesitz.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, 12 Nov. 1983, Folge 46, p. 9.
Malter briefly discusses three newly discovered images of Kant (with a reproduction of each): (1) a dozen miniatures painted by Gräfin Charlotte Caroline Amalia von Keyserling (1782) [see] (then privately owned; now in the holdings of the Bayrischen Staatsbibliothek [Signature: Cod. gall. 908]), (2) a Kant minature by J. S. M Lowe [see] (privately owned), and (3) a portrait drawing in a Stammbuch owned by the student C. H. Baltruschatis [see] that had been recently purchased by the Universitätsbibliothek Mainz from an antiquities dealer.
—— (1983b). “Kantiana in Dorpat.” Kant-Studien, 74: 479-86.
Includes a discussion of the Kant “death mask” held at Dorpat (pp. 484-86). The loss of certain university records makes the provenance uncertain, but it is likely that G. B. Jäsche (1762-1842) brought the death mask to Dorpat/Tartu, where he had been teaching since 1802.
—— (1988). “Hagemanns Kantbüste im Balliol College/Oxford.” Kant-Studien, 79: 130-31.
Brief report of a plaster copy of the now-lost marble Kant bust that Hagemann prepared for display in Königsberg.
—— (1992). “Kant-Ikonographie.” Kant-Studien, 83.1: 125.
Malter briefly mentions: (1) a new miniature watercolor of Kant (Breysig, after Vernet), (2) the Schleuen engraving, and (3) a new publication reproducing several miniatures by Countess Caroline Keyserling, which appear to depict Kant at her dinner table (on this see: Malter 1981).
Meusel, Johann Georg (1808-9). Teutsches Künstlerlexikon, oder Verzeichniß der jetztlebenden Teutschen Künstler, 2nd ed. (Lemgo: Meyer), vol. 1 (1808), vol. 2 (1809).
Artist entries for: Abramson, Bardou, Bause, Berger, Claar[?], Döppler, Hagemann, Liebe, Lips, Lowe, Mattersperger, Schadow, and Schnorr.
Minden, David (1868). “Vortrag über Porträts und Abbildungen Kants.” Schriften der physikalisch-ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg (Königsberg), vol. 9, Sitzungsberichte, pp. 24-34.
The author notes that the images cataloged here are only those in either his or Professor Wittich’s [the medical professor Wilhelm von Wittich (1821-1884)?] possession [1868, 34].
This was the first attempt at a catalog of Kant images. Minden distinguishes them as either original portraits or copies (engravings, etc.), and of the former he finds five groups: (1) Becker, (2) Lowe, (3) Schnorr, (4) Döbbler, and (5) Vernet.
A brief discussion of the presentation of this material to the society: [pdf]
Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1962). “Bisher unveröffentlichte Briefe Emil Arnoldts – Stammbaum der Familie Arnoldt.” Jahrbuch der Albertus Universität zu Königsberg (Würzburg: Holzner Verlag), 12: 347-59.
—— (1968). “Steingut aus Königsberg. Die Manufaktur der 'Frères Collin' – Ihre Erzeugnisse sind verschollen.” Das Ostpreußenblatt (29 Jun 1968), p. 10.
The article is signed ‘on’, but it appears to stem from Mühlpfordt. It also has the same illustration of Collin’s medallions of Kant and Hippel as found in 1970a, below.
—— (1970a). Königsberger Skulpturen und ihre Meister, 1255-1945. Würzburg: Holzner Verlag. [299 p.]
Volume 46 of Ostdeutsche Beiträge aus dem Göttinger Arbeitskreis. The author gives entries of the following Kant-related sculptures/reliefs:
Abraham Abramson (1754-1811): 1784/medallion; 1804/medallion.
Emanuel Bardou (1744-1818): 1798/marble bust.
Erna Becker (1895-): 1924/medallion.
Stanislaus Cauer: early 20th c./bust.
Collin: 1782-84/Plakette; 1782/medallion.
Luise Federn: 1924/Kantplakette.
Carl Gottfrief Hagemann (1773-1806): 1801/bust.
Katharine Krau (1889-): 1924/copy of Hagemann bust.
Friedrich Daniel Loos (1735-1819): 1804/medallion.
Joseph Mattersberger (1754-1825): 1790/bust.
Meyke.
Christian Daniel Rauch (1777-1857): 1864/bronze statue, copy of Friedrichsdenkmal.
Emile Rogat (1799-1852): 1825/medallion, copy of Schnorr.
Siegmund Schütz (1906-): 1939/plakette.
Rudolf Leopold Siemering (1835-1905): 1892/marble bust.
Hans Wissel (1897-1948): 1945/bust.
Albert Moritz Wolff (1854-1923): 1904/medallion.
The author lists the 1784 Abramson medal as created on the occasion of Kant’s death; Anderson [1936, 15] does this as well, although without identifying Abramson as the artist.
—— (1970b). “Das Kantdenkmal zu Königsberg/Pr.” In: Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universität (Berlin/Würzburg) 20: 203-210.
—— (1975). “Paul Heinrich Collin.” In: Preußenland 13: 43.
—— (1979). Supplementum zu Königsberger Skulpturen und ihre Meister, 1255-1945. Leer: Rautenberg. [48 p.]
—— (1999). “Ewige Ruhe am Dom. Zum 195. Todestag von Immanuel Kant.” Das Ostpreußenblatt, 13 Feb 1999, Folge 6, p. 9. [pdf]
Muirhead, J. H. (1927). “How Hegel Came to England.” Mind, 36: 423-47.
Nesselmann (1847). “Über einige Denkmünzen. 1. Auf Kant.“ Neue Preussische Provinzial-Blätter, 3: 51-52.
Nijland-Verwey, Mea (1959). “Een onbekend portret van Immanuel Kant.” Algemeen Niederlands tijdschrift voor wijsbegeerte en psychologie 51: 141-43. [Illustration]
Discusses the Vernet (Harwardt); includes illustration.
Rabl-Rückhard, Dr. (1880). “Ein Gypsabguss des Kopfes von Kant.” Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 12: 204.
A brief report of the measurements of a plaster cast of Kant’s skull in the Berlin Anatomical Museum (Inv.-Nr. 8076).
Reicke, Rudolf (1860). Kantiana. Beiträge zu Immanuel Kants Leben und Schriften (Königsberg: Th. Theile), vi, 83 pp.
Special reprint of Rudolf Reicke, “Kantiana.” Neuen Preußischen Provinzial-Blättern, Third Series, 5: 97-176 (1860).
Wald offers a short list of Kant icons near the end of his memorial talk (p. 25): "Sein Bildniß ist vor dem 20. Bande der Allg. deutschen Bibliothek, vor dem 39. Bande der neeun Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften, von Lips vor dem 1. Bande des Jenaischen Literatur-Repertoriums, wie auch von Bause in Leipzig in Kupfer gestochen worden. Einige Studirende, zum Theil jüdischer Nation ließen ihm zu Ehren eine große golden Medaille prägen, und an Statt des Honorars überreichen. Sie hatte jedoch nich seinen Beifall, weil sein Bildniß nicht getroffen und sein Geburtsjahr unrichtig angegeben war. Das Abramson ohnlängst eine andere Denkmünze auf ihn geprägt und sie mit Zöllner's passender Inschrift: altius volantem arcuit, versehen hat, kann keinem Verehrer Kant's gleichgültig sein. Wäre nur sein Kopf richtiger gezeichnet!
Seine Büste von Hagemann, Schadow's würdigem Schüler, ein Beweis der Achtung und Liebe seiner Freunde und Schüler, ermuntern uns, dem großen Lehrer in der Erforschung der Wahrheit, in der Thätigkeit für Alles, was gut und edel ist, nachzuahmen."
Reicke, Rudolf, and Ernst Wichert (1881). “Nachrichten.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 18: 511-12.
Discusses the Becker(b) portrait.
—— (unsigned editorial note) (1898). “Ein bisher unbekanntes Kant-Bildniss.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 35: 195-98.
Discusses the Dresden 1790 portrait.
—— (1896). “Das Kant-Porträt des Grafen Keyserling auf Rautenburg.” In: Sitzungsberichte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia, 1881-1882, pp. 109-11.
Concerns the Keyserling portrait of Kant. Item 8 of the report for the “Ordentlich Generalversammlung und Sitzung am 22. November 1895.”
Rells, Edm. W. (1894). “Kant und seine Tischgenossen.” In: Über Land und Meer. Deutsche Illustrirte Zeitung (Stuttgart), 72: 554.
’Edmund W. Rells” was a pseudonym of Max Dessoir (1867-1947), a German philosopher and psychology interested with a particular interest in Kant. Included with this brief article is a line drawing of the Dorstling painting, each of the nine individuals identified by last name.
Reusch, Christian Friedrich (1848). “Historische Erinnerungen.” Neue Preußische Provinzial-Blätter, 6: 288-306, 358-66.
This began as a Bohnenrede by Reusch for the “Friends of Kant” (1846). Special offprint: Kant und seine Tischgenossen. Aus dem Nachlaß des jüngsten derselben, des Geh. Ob.-Reg.-Rats Dr. Chr. F. Reusch. Königsberg: Tag & Koch. [30 p.]
Richardson, John (1819). Prolegomena to every future metaphysics which can appear as a science; from the German of Emmanuel Kant, M.A. London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall. [xviii, 206 p.]
—— (1836). Metaphysical Works of the Celebrated Immanuel Kant. London: W. Simpkin and R. Marshall.
Richter, Günter, and Rudolf Malter (1981). “Das Stammbuch C. H. B. 1802(-12) mit einem Eintrag Immanuel Kants. Zwei Mitteilungen.” Kant-Studien, 72: 261-269.
Discusses the Stammbuch that contains the 1802 Baltruschatis drawing of Kant [see].
Richter, Raoul (1904). “Zum hundertjährigen todestage Immanuel Kants.” Illustrirter Zeitung (Leipzig / Berlin). Nr. 3163. 11 February 1904. Pp. 183-84, 186.
Includes reproductions of (1) Becker(c), (2) a woodcut of the 1790 Dresden portrait, (3) the 1788 Stein Stammbuch page with a Kant silhouette, (4) a Collin relief, (5) the Senewaldt portrait, (6) an 1845 engraving of the garden side of Kant’s house, (7) the 1881 engraving of the interior of the new chapel for Kant’s grave.
Roesch, Matthias (2020). “Historie meines Bildes Kant und seine Tischgenossen von Emil Doerstling.” Kant und Königsberg in Kaliningrad. Freunde Kants und Königsberg e.V. [online]
Rohde, Alfred (1929). Königsberg Pr. Leipzig: Klinkhardt & Bierman Verlag. [126 p.]
Rosenkranz, Karl (1852). Das für Kant zu Königsberg projectirte Denkmal. Eie Ansprache, in der Kant'schen Gesellschaft, an seinem Geburtstage, den 22. April 1852. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer. [14 (1) p.]
—— and Friedrich Wilhelm Schubert, eds. (1838-42). Immanuel Kant’s sämmtliche Werke, 12 vols. Leipzig: Voss.
The Barth engraving, based on Stobbe’s copy of Döbler (1791), appears as a frontispiece to volume 1 (1838) as well as volume 11, part 2 (Schubert’s biography of Kant) published in 1842. A second frontispiece to the latter volume includes phototypes of the three medallions by Abrahamson (1784), Loos (1804), and Abrahamson (1804).
Saintes, Amand (1844). Histoire de la vie et de la philosophie de Kant. Paris: Cherbuliez et cie. [xx, 491 p.]
The Barth engraving, based on Stobbe’s copy of Döbler (1791), appears as a frontispiece.
Schadow, Gottfried (1849). Kunst-Werke und Kunst-Ansichten. Berlin: Decker. [xxvi, 376 p.]
—— (1864). Aufsätze und Briefe, nebst einem Verzeichniss seiner Werke. Edited by Julius Friedlaender. Düsseldorf: Julius Buddeus. [165 p.]
Schadow’s essay, “Die Werkstätte des Bildhauers,” in which he mentions the Hagemann busts, is reprinted at pp. 51-64. This essay first appeared in the journal Eunomia (eds. Fessler and Fischer), 1802, vol. 2.
The latter half of this book includes an index of Schadow’s work, and on pp. 111-12 he lists the oversized busts in Carrara marble that Schadow prepared for Walhalla between 1807 and 1812, including a bust of Kant (based on Hagemann’s clay model and the death mask prepared by Knorre).
Scheffler, Walter (1987). “Von Königsberg nach Marbach. Ein Porträt Immanuel Kants.” Jahrbuch der deutschen Schiller-Gesellschaft, 31: 513-518.
Scheffner, Johann Georg (1816; publ. 1823). Mein Leben wie ich, Johann George Scheffner, es selbst beschrieben (Leipzig, 1823), 512 pp. + 32 unnumbered pages of appendices + 21 numbered pages of “printing errors and omissions.”
Schmidtke, Martin (1997). Königsberg in Preussen: Personen und Ereignisse 1255-1945 im Bild. Husum: Husum Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft. [357 p.]
Chronologically arranged, each page offers a brief biography of some Königsberg notable – from Ottokar II (1233-1278) to Wolfgang Weyrauch (1904-1980), followed by several anniversaries (including Kant’s 200th birthday) and historical events of the 20th century related to the city, with related illustrations on each page.
Schneiders, Werner (2000). “Ein vergessenes Kant-Portrait.” Kant-Studien, 91: 1-7.
Includes an illustration and discussion of the Vernet (Jachmann) miniature, as well as brief discussions of three other Vernet paintings that he dubs the Göttingen, Königsberg, and Berlin paintings, viz., 1793 Göttingen, 1795 Vernet (with inscription ‘Vernet pinx. MDCCXCV’), and 1792 Vernet (SPKB).
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1987). Gesammelte Briefe. Ed. Arthur Hübscher, 2nd ed. Bonn: Vouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann. [xii, 732 p.]
In a letter to Karl Rosenkranz (25 Sep 1837), Schopenhauer describes meeting with the painter Johann Michael Lowe, in which Lowe’s painting of Kant is mentioned as well as engravings by Bause, Thilo, Lips, and Haas.
Schöndörffer, Otto (1924). “Das Kantzimmer in Königsberg.” Reichls Philosophischer Almanach auf das Jahr 1924. Ed. Paul Feldkeller (op cit.). 227-35.
Provides a description of the Kant room, which was located in the Albertinum, the old university building next to the cathedral, including a discussion of the various Kant images on display.
Schultz, Uwe (1965, 22003). Kant. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. [190 p.]
Volume 101 of the Rowohlts Monographien series, which offers brief biographies with many contemporary images. Döbler(a) is on the cover, Collins (p. 6), Keyserling (p. 17), Schnorr (p. 20), Hagemann-sketch(b)(p. 27), Berger engraving from Puttrich (p. 48 and back cover), Becker(a)(p. 60), Becker(c)(p. 61), Senewaldt(b)(p. 105), Stein (pp. 108-9), Townley engraving from Lowe (p. 116), Bause engraving from Schnorr (p. 118), Haas engraving from the lost Stägemann (p. 128), Bardou (p. 160). One finds occasional dating errors.
The 2003 second edition includes many new illustrations, several in color, and new captions.
Schwarzbach, Anna Franziska (2015). “Joseph Mattersberger. Meine Spurensuche als Kollegin – Ein Erlebnizbericht.” In: Vogel, ed. (op cit.), pp. 67-85.
—— (2020). “Kunsthistorische Aspekte zum Werk von Joseph Mattersberger.” Osttiroler Heimatblätter. Himatkundliche Beilage des “Osttiroler Bote” No. 9-10, pp. 4-8.
Seidlitz, Woldemar von, and H. A. Lier, eds (1888). Allgemeines historisches Porträtwerk. Eine Sammlung von 600 Porträts der berühmtesten Personen aller Nationen von ca. 1300 bis ca. 1840. Munich: F. Bruckmann.
Includes a photograph of the Döbler portrait of Kant (1791).
(2005). “Fridericiana Halensis – die Musteruniversität der Aufklärung und ihre Kunstsammlungen im 18. Jahrhundert.” In: Max Kunze, Ralf-Torsten Speler, and Thomas Weiss, eds. (2005). Kunst und Aufklärung im 18. Jahrhundert. (Kunstausbildung der Akademien, Kunstvermittlung der Fürsten, Kunstsammlung der Universität, Gesamtkatalog der Ausstellungen in Halle, Stendal und Wörlitz.) Verlag Franz Philipp Rutzen. Pp. 217-84.
Springer, Karl Gustav [G. Karl] (1919). Alt-Königsberg im Wandel der Zeiten. Königsberg: Hartung. [93 p., with illustrations]
2nd edition: 1920.
—— (1924). Kant und Alt-Königsberg. Königsberg: Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitungs- und Verlagsdruckerei.
Spurzheim, J. G. (1815). The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim; founded on an anatomical and physiological eamination of the nervous system in general, and of the brain in particular; and indicating the dispositions and manifestations of the mind. […] Being at the same Time a Book of Reference for Dr. Spurzheim’s Demonstrative Lectures. Greatly improved 2nd edition. London: Galdwin, Cradock, and Joy. [(1) xviii, 581 p., plus 18 plates of illustrations]
1st edition:
Stägemann, Elisabeth von (1846). Erinnerungen für edle Frauen. Nebst Lebensnachrichten über die Verfasserin und einem Anhange von Briefen. Two volumes. Edited by Wilhelm Dorow. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. [vol. 1: xxiv, (2), 240 p.; vol. 2: 282 p.]
The editorial preface offers a brief biography of Stägemann and mentions Kant and her portrait of him, and his response (in a now lost letter to Reichardt): “Ja, ja das bin ich.”. The selection of her correspondence includes two letters (November 1 and December 17, 1796) from J. F. Reichardt in which he requests her, and then thanks her, for a portrait of Kant (vol. 1, pp. 222-26).
Stark, Werner (1991). “Erläuterungen zum Kant-Bildnis.” In: Marie Rischmüller, ed., Bemerkungen in den “Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen”. Hamburg: Felix Meiner 1991. Pp. 291-94.
Concerns an ink sketch, copied from Becker 1768, and found in two separate sets of student notes from Kant’s lectures: the an-Pillau Physical Geography and the an-Pillau Anthropology. Both of these volumes have the ink drawing of Kant on the inside of a second endpaper (this drawing resembles a copper engraving, but the images differ slightly in the two volumes). The original from which these were copied is not clear, and may have been an amalgam, including the Becker portrait. A reproduction of the Physical Geography drawing can be found on p. ix of the Kant-Forschungen volume.
—— (2004). “Eine unbekannte Kant-Büste.” Jahrbuch für historische Bildungsforschung (Bad Heilbrunn: Verlag Julius Klinkhardt), 10: 347-350.
Overview of the busts based on Hagemann’s 1801 clay model, with a focus on the Siemering copy, arguing that this was prepared directly from the original clay model (in Berlin), rather than from the Königsberg marble bust.
—— (2007). “Eine körperliches Bild des Philosophen.” Unpublished Bohnenrede, Mainz, 22 April 2007.
Steger, Simone (2011). Die Bildnisbüsten der Walhalla bei Donaustauf. Von der Konzeption durch Ludwig I. von Bayern zur Ausführung (1807-1842). Ph.D. dissertation, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, München.
Stettiner, Paul (1908). “Die Stoa Kantianer in Königsberg.” Kant-Studien, 13: 167-75.
Originally published in the Königsberger Hartungschen Zeitung (22 April 1898).
Stolovich, Leonid N. (2011). “On the Fate of Kant Collection at Tartu.” Kantovsky Sbornik. Selected articles, 2008-2009. Kaliningrad: Immanuel Kant Federal University Press. Pp. 75-88.
Original publication in Russian: “O sud'be tartuskoj kantiany.” In: Kantovskij sbornik. 2008. 1 (27): 94—108.
—— (2012). “How did Kant’s death mask end up in Tartu? A surprising finding at the archive of Art Museum of the University of Tartu.” Kantovsky Sbornik. Selected articles, 2012. Kaliningrad: Immanuel Kant Federal University Press. Pp. 76-78.
Original publication in Russian: Kantovsky sbornik. 2012. 2 (40): 93—95.
This brief note points to a newly discovered acquisitions record made by Karl Morgenstern (the director of the Dorpat university library, and a known source of Kantiana by way of his earlier acquaintance with Jäsche. The entry reads: “25. Ein Gallscher Schädel, in Gyps”. This was purchased when Joseph Gall’s phrenological collection of skulls and death masks was being sold (between 1825-1832). One wonders, however, if this isn’t a record of the plaster cast of Kant’s skull, which is also kept in Tartu, rather than the death mask (as Stolovich believes).
Thieme-Becker: Thieme, Ulrich, and Felix Becker, eds. (1907-1950). Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler fon der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. 37 vols. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 1907-10; Leipzig: E. A. Seemann, 1911-50.
Ulbrich, Anton (1926, 1929). Geschichte der Bildhauerkunst in Ostpreußen. Vom Ausgang des 16. bis in die 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Two vols. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer. [xxxv, (1), 1-416 p.; 417-841 p.]
—— (1932). Kunstgeschichte Ostpreußens, von der Ordenszeit bis zur Gegenwart. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer. [(1), 272 p.]
Vaihinger, Hans (1898a). “Die Kantmedaille mit dem schiefen Turm von Pisa.” Kant-Studien, 2: 109-15.
Discusses the 1784 Abramson medallion.
—— (1898b). “Ein neues Kantbildnis.” Kant-Studien, 2: 142.
This concerns the Keyserling chalk drawing of Kant, and is primarily a reprint of 13 February 1897 notice in a Cologne newspaper by the Prussian Antiquities Society (Königsberg) that first made public the existence of this drawing – see Fromm [1898a, 157].
—— (1898c). “Noch einmal die Kantmedaille mit dem schiefen Turm von Pisa.” Kant-Studien, 2: 376-77.
A follow-up to Vaihinger (1898b), publishing a note from Emil Fromm.
—— (1898f). “Wieder ein neues Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 2: 490-91.
This is a preliminary report of the Dresden 1790 oil painting.
—— (1899a). “Der Pillauer Kantfund.” Kant-Studien, 3: 253-55.
—— (1899b). “Wiederauffindung des ältesten Oelbildes von Kant.” Kant-Studien, 3: 255.
Reports the re-emergence of Becker(b), the version that Kant owned and from which Becker(c) is copied (according to Vaihinger).
—— (1899c). “Ein Vernet’sches Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 3: 256.
Reports the gift by a Herr Claass of a Vernet painting to the city of Königsberg. {Not sure which one...}
—— (1899d). “Ein new aufgefundenes Miniaturbild von Kant.” Kant-Studien, 3: 370-72.
Discusses the Puttrich-Warda miniature – a composition blending the Puttrich full-body profile with a Vernet 3/4 profile of the head. Vaihinger notes that it measures 3 x 1.7 cm, with a framing of 7.9 x 6.4 cm., possibly on ivory; and on the back: "Bildniss des Philosophen J. Kant, gemalt in Königsberg. Geschenck meines Freundes Metzger aus Königsberg. Hdlbrg 1806. H. H. Moser."
—— (1900a). “Wieder ein neues Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 4: 355-56.
An 80 x 65 mm miniature that was last purchased from the Rosenthal Antiquities dealer (Munich).
In a note at the end, Vaihinger reports the discovery of a second drawing by Senewaldt – this is the drawing that Clasen reproduces [1924]. Both drawings are nearly identical, differing only slightly in size and pictorial details.
—— (1900b). “Miniaturbildnis Kants im Besitze von A. Warda in Königsberg i. Pr.” Kant-Studien, 4: 475-76.
Discusses the version of the Puttrich image (Kant in full profile, with his head turned toward the viewer, painted on a piece of ivory) that at the time was in the possession of Arthur Warda, and was reproduced in a plate following p. 360 of Kant-Studien, vol. 4.; see also his [1899c] and [1906].
—— (1901a). “Die neue Kantbüste in der Berliner Siegesallee.” Kant-Studien, 5: 138-41.
—— (1901b). “Das Helmholtz-Zeller’sche Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 5: 143-44.
One of Vernet’s miniatures; an illustration is given in the volume.
—— (1901c). “Das Simon’sche Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 6: 110-12.
This is the Becker(b) painting that Kant owned.
—— (1901d). “‘Kant und seine Tischgenossen’.” Kant-Studien, 6: 112-13.
—— (1901e). “Nochmals die Kantbüste in der Berliner Siegesallee.” Kant-Studien, 6: 114-15.
—— (1902a). “Ein bisher unbekanntes Kantbildnis.” Kant-Studien, 7: 168. [pdf]
Seeks to identify a plaster bas-relief (later discovered to be the Collin Relief – see Vaihinger 1902b), and includes a physical description and discussion of its provenance.
—— (1902b). “Das Collin'sche Kantrelief.” Kant-Studien, 7: 382-84. [pdf]
Identifies the plaster bas-relief discussed in Vaihinger (1902a) as one produced by P. H. Collin.
—— (1902c). “Nochmals das Collin'sche Kantrelief.” Kant-Studien, 7: 505. [pdf]
Among other things briefly recounts information provided in Brinkmann [1896] on P. H. Collin and his 1782 bas-relief of Kant.
—— (1904). “Erklärung der vier Beilagen.” Kant-Studien, 9: 342-3. [pdf]
—— (1905a). “Das Kant-Bildnis Elisabeths von Stägemann.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 42: 305-10.
—— (1905b). “Das Mattersbergersche Kantbüste.” Kant-Studien, 10: 236-37.
Vaihinger is discussing the “Tieftrunk-version” of Mattersberger, as presented as the frontispiece in issue 10.1.
—— (1906). “Das Puttrichsche Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 11: 140, 292.
On p. 140, Vaihinger discusses the engraving based on Puttrich’s full-body profile that he reproduced as the frontispiece of that issue; such engravings were available as early as 1798, but the location of the original was unknown. On p. 292, he notes that the original is owned by the Altertums-Gesellschaft Prussia (in Königsberg), which he had mentioned six years earlier Vaihinger [1900b].
—— (1909a). “Das Original von Schnorrs Kantbild.” Kant-Studien, 14: 143.
—— (1909b). “Eine Kopie des Kantbildes in Königsberger Museum.” Kant-Studien, 14: 568-69.
Brief discussion of the Dresden painting, and a reproduction made of it (a woodcut that is printed in that issue of Kant-Studien (between pp. 208 and 209).
Vogel, Gerd-Helge, ed. (2015a). Joseph Mattersberger (1855-1825). Ein klassizistischer Bildhauer im Dienst der Grafen von Einsiedel und der sächsische Eisenkunstguss um 1800. Berlin: Lukas Verlag. [247 p.]
—— (2015b). “Zwischen Repräsentation und Memoria. Zur Porträtplastik von Joseph Mattersberger und seiner Zeit.” In: Vogel, ed. (op cit.), pp. 9-66.
Vorländer, Karl (1924). Immanuel Kant: Der Mann und das Werk. 2 vols. Leipzig: Felix Meiner. [xii, 430; vi, 404 p.]
Volume two has a frontispiece: Raab’s engraving based on Döbler’s 1791 portrait of Kant.
Warda, Arthur (1900). “Eine historische Kant-Silhouette.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 37: 141-42.
Discusses the Hippel silhouette, and includes an illustration.
—— (1905). “Das Kant-Bildnis Elisabeths von Stägemann.” Altpreussische Monatsschrift, 42: 305-10.
Weg, Max (1893). Bibliotheca Kantiana. Nahezu tausend Werke von und über Immanuel Kant. Nebst einer Sammlung von fast allen Kant-Portraits. Katalog No. 30. Leipzig: Max Weg Antiquariats-Buchhandlung.
Pp. 28-29 includes “Bildnisse Kant” [pdf] listed as derivations of:
Becker (Schleuen),
Lowe (Townley, Liebe, Singer, Clar),
Schnorr (Bause, Rosmäsler, Schmidt, Chapman, “aus der Borussia”, “aus der Walhalla”, Wenig, L.S., Neumann),
Döbler (Raab, Stobbe/Barth, Muuller, anon. lithograph),
Vernet (Bolt, Bolt, Lips, Claassens, Pauli, Westermayr, Bollinger, anon. woodcut, Kant/Hume by Lips),
Puttrich (Berger, Berger),
Hagemann (anon. lithograph, anon. lithograph),
Mattersberger (Thilo),
as well as Schadow’s bust of Kant, a lithograph of Kant’s Denkmal in Königsberg, and a woodcut of Kant’s house.
Weinhandl, Ferdinant (1937). “Zur erstmaligen Veröffentlichung der bisher unbekannten Kant-Miniatur von Springer, aus dem Besitz des Barons Heinrich von Hammer-Purgstall, Schloß Hainfeld/Steiermark.” Kant-Studien, 42: 325-27.
Concerns a recently (1937) discovered miniature of Kant, in oil, that appears to be a copy of a Vernet miniature, signed "Springer pinx. 1765". The '1765' is puzzling. Clasen suggested the painter might have been Friedrich Wilhelm Springer (1760-1805) who lived in Königsberg, and so could well have had personal contact with Kant.
Welcker, Hermann (1883). Schiller’s Schädel und Todtenmaske nebst Mitteilungen über Schädel und Todtenmaske Kant’s. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.
“Der Schädel und die Todtenmaske Kant’s,” pp. 95-124.
Wernick, Fritz (1890). “Deutsche Städtebilder. Königsberg i. Pr.” Die Gartenlaube (1890), pp. 59-63.
A woodcut of Heydeck’s painting of the exhumation of Kant’s remains in 1880 is found on p. 61.
Wieland, Christoph Martin (1789). “Kunstsachen.” Der Teutsche Merkur (1 March 1789) 1: 337.
Brief notice of the Townley engraving.
Will, Georg Andreas (1788). Vorlesungen über die Kantische Philosophie. Altdorf: Monathischen Verlag. [200 p.]
Mentions the Schleuen engraving (pp. 15-16).
Zabel, Eugen (1903) “Immanuel Kant af der Bühne und im Leben.” In: Zabel, Zur Modernen Dramaturgie. Studien und Kritiken über das deutsche Theater, 2nd edition. Oldenburg / Leipzig: Schulzesche Hof-Buchhandlund und Hof-Buchdruckerei, 1903. Pp. 373-86.
Discusses Doerstling 1892 [see].
Zöllner, Johann Friedrich (1804). “Berichtigung.” In: Intelligenzblatt der Allgem. Literatur-Zeitung, Num. 99 (23 June 1804), col. 800.
On this journal, see the [glossary] entry.