These phrases and abbreviations should be part of your general knowledge base; if you don't know them yet, you should learn them.
a fortiori for the same reason and to a greater extent.
a.m. before midday [ante meridiem].
a posteriori known from experience.
a priori known independently of experience.
ad hoc “for this”; done or created for a specific purpose only, such as an explanation for an event that has no explanatory power beyond that one event, thus making the explanation appear contrived and dubious.
ad hominem “to the man”; a fallacious form of reasoning that criticises an argument by attacking the arguer.
BCE Before the Common Era (replaces the more parochial ‘BC’ = before Christ).
ca. about [circa].
CE Common Era (replaces ‘AD’ = Anno Domini = in the year of the Lord).
cf. compare [confer].
ceteris paribus other things being equal.
creatio ex nihilo creation out of nothing.
de facto actual.
e.g. for example [exempli gratia].
eo ipso by that itself, by that fact alone.
et al. and others [et alii].
etc. and so forth [et cetera].
ex nihilo nihil fit from out of nothing, nothing comes.
i.e. that is [id est].
inter alia among other things.
ipso facto by the fact itself.
loc. cit. in the place cited [loco citato].
N.B. note well [nota bene].
non sequitur where a conclusion does not follow from the premises.
op. cit. in the work cited [opere citato].
passim throughout.
per se by itself; intrinsically.
p.m. after midday [post meridiem].
post hoc ergo propter hoc “after this, therefore because of this”; a fallacious form of reasoning that infers from an event preceding another event, to that event causing the other event.
prima facie at first sight; superficially.
qua as.
QED the problem is solved [quod erat demonstrandum].
quid pro quo tit for tat.
q.v. which see [quod vide].
reductio ad absurdum reduction to an absurdity.
sic thus (indicates that a certain word, phrase, or spelling is to be read as it stands).
sine qua non without which nothing; a necessary condition.
sui generis self-caused.
summum bonum the highest good.
v.g. for example [verbi gratia]
vincit omnia veritas truth conquers all.
viz. namely [videlicet].